Biometric Surveillance and Civil Liberties: A Legal Perspective

Abstract

Biometric surveillance has become an increasingly prevalent tool in law enforcement and public security. While offering efficiency and precision, its widespread adoption raises concerns about the protection of civil liberties, particularly privacy, freedom of expression, and the right to assemble. This paper explores the legal frameworks governing biometric surveillance, identifying the gaps and inconsistencies in national and international regulations. Key civil liberties at risk, such as privacy breaches, potential discrimination, and the erosion of due process, are examined through case studies, including facial recognition technology use in the United States and GDPR's role in Europe. The analysis further highlights emerging legal safeguards and proposes reforms, such as enhanced oversight, stricter consent requirements, and transparency measures. By balancing technological advancements with civil liberties protection, this paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate on the ethical and legal use of biometric surveillance.